Cure of our addiction to oil and stabilization of the human-induced climate change are overriding issues of the energy policy in the world. Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the promising technologies for tackling these problems thanks to their higher energy efficiency and compatibility to the green energies in comparison with a conventional gasoline car. A key technology of the EV is a rechargeable battery such as a lithium ion battery (LIB), which has been utilized in our mobile devices; however, further developments of the battery are still necessary for the dissemination of EVs.
A LIB is a kind of rechargeable (secondary) batteries, firstly released by a Japanese company, Sony, by using LiCoO2 proposed by Mizushima et al. (Prof. Goodenough’s group) [1] as a positive electrode (PE) and graphite as a negative electrode (NE) in 1990’s. Since then, LIBs has contributed to developments of mobile devices thanks to their high energy-density and power, and long cycle life in comparison with the other popularized secondary batteries such as lead-acid storage battery, NiCd battery and nickel-metal hydride battery [2, 3]. Recently, polyvalent rechargeable batteries [4], where the polyvalent cations, e.g., Mg2+, Ca2+ and Al3+ etc., are used as a “guest ion” instead of Li ions, and a dual-salt battery [5] also have attracted attention for their relatively higher energy density and safety than those of LIBs; however, the science of LIBs are still of great importance for the wide applications and as a model system of intercalation chemistry.
In LIBs, an essential electrochemical reaction is Li insertion/extraction (frequently called, lithiation/delithiation) between solid-state electrodes and liquid electrolyte in a typical cell system. As for discharge of the battery, Li atoms are extracted from a NE, e.g., conventionally graphite, to the electrolyte. On the other hand, Li ions in the electrolyte are inserted to a PE.
At the same time, the electrons are also extracted from the NE and inserted into the PE through an outer circuit, which is connected to some devices such as a bulb and a motor in EVs etc. In the PE, on the basis of conventional understanding of solid-state electrochemistry, the valence state of the transition metal, i.e., Co ion in the figure, changes by receiving Li and electron as the charge compensation, which is one of the important electrochemical reaction in the PE.
The above electrochemical reactions are summarized as follows:
\begin{align}
\mathrm{Co(IV)O_{2} + Li^{+} + e^{-} } &\to \mathrm{LiCo(III)O_{2}} \\
\mathrm{LiC_{6}} &\to \mathrm{ C_{6} + Li^{+} + e^{-} }
\end{align}
Thus, the reduction reaction proceeds on the PE, while the oxidation reaction does on the NE in the discharging process. When using a Li metal as a reference electrode in a three-electrode cell in the same electrolyte, the open circuit voltage (OCV) of the positive and negative electrodes corresponds to electrode potential (V vs. Li+/Li), which directly corresponds the chemical potential of Li atoms in each electrode by defining chemical potential of Li in the Li metal as a standard condition. Since the electromotive force is the difference of electrode potentials of the PE and the NE, a material of high redox potential is suitable for the PE, whereas that of low redox potential for the NE. Such systems are often called “Rocking chair type battery” because Li ions move between the NE and the PE through the electrolyte; the total amount of Li ions in the electrolyte is always constant during the battery operation. Thus, any combinations of the electrode materials for the PE and NE are allowed in LIBs as long as a candidate material accommodates the considerable amount of Li at a reasonable potential, which may makes the LIB science fascinating. In the current LIBs, since the capabilities of the PE in terms of the energy density, which is the product of potential and capacity, is the bottleneck of the whole battery system and required to be further developed, I would like to focus on structural chemistry of the PEs.
In the era of “Li (primary) battery”, MnO2 is one of the conventional electrode material, where Li ions are inserted into the MnO2 structure, whereas the re-extraction of the inserted Li ions is difficult. In contrast, TiS2 and MoS2 are capable of the reversible lithiaion/delithiaion; therefore, they were used as the PE in “Li (secondary, rechargeable) battery”, where the Li metal used to be used as the NE. Unfortunately, this kind of battery did not become common, because the use of Li metal in the rechargeable battery was risky due to the short circuit caused by the dendritc plating nature of the Li pure metal. Through the development period of Li batteries, the emergence of a “Li Ion Battery” from Sony started a new era of Li secondary batteries, where graphite and Li transition-metal complex oxides are used as the electrodes.
The most conventional PE material is LiCoO2 (LCO) [1]. Its crystalline structure is categorized into α-NaFeO2 type layered rock-salt structure, where Li and Co atoms occupy the octahedral sites in the face centered cubic (FCC) lattice of oxygen atoms. The name of “layered” derives from the layer-by-layer cation ordering of [111] direction in the cubic lattice, which reduces the space symmetry from cubic to hexagonal. Consequently, the structure of LiCoO2 is understood as a layered compound, where Li occupies the interlayer gallery inbetween CoO2 sheets (see the figure). LiNiO2 belongs to this family of electrode, and various related electrodes were reported, e.g., LiNi1/2Mn1/2O2 [6, 7] and LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2[8]. In these modified materials, the available amount of Li in the layered structure was significantly improved, whereas only 0.6Li can be extracted from LCO with keeping the good electrode charge and discharge cycle life, i.e., cyclability.
LiMn2O4 (LMO) and LiFePO4 (LFP) are also important materials, which were reported from the same group of LCO [9, 10]. LMO has the normal spinel structure, where Li and Mn occupy the tetrahedral and octahedral sites in the oxygen FCC framework, respectively. The cyclability of LMO is known to be relatively low because the Jahn-Teller Mn3+ ion is unstable in the crystalline and dissolves into the electrolyte during the cycling. Thus, the partial exchange of Mn with the other transition element of Cr, Ni etc., was conducted in order to keep the valence state of Mn to IV, which effectively improved the cyclability and potential of the spinel-type electrode[11].Today it is known as high-voltage electrode materials.Both in LCO and MCO, only the half of the possible valence change of the transition metals is used for the charge compensation accompanied with lithiation/delithiation, because of low availability of the amount of Li atoms in the layered rock-salt structure and high atomic ration of Mn/Li in the spinel electrode, respectively. Thus, the structure of LiFePO4, which was also reported by Goodenough’s group [10], is understood as follows; the half of the transition metal in the composition of LiCoO2, is exchanged by phosphorous in order to enhance the structural stability and the electrode potential, which is called ordered-olivine structure and categorized to polyanion compounds. In recent years, LFP is one of the most promising electrodes thanks to high thermal stability, low cost and relatively high capacity. Furthermore, LFP is a favorable model material for the analyses of the electrochemically-driven structural phase transition
[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19] owing to its simple two-phase reaction behavior between the wide Li composition. Since the phase transition of LFP causes the considerable volume change about 5%-8%, the effects of the strain energy on the electrochemical capabilities of the electrode have been intensively studied with the phase-field micromechanical simulation [20, 21] and the in-situ simultaneous XRD and XAFS measurement [22] by our group.
As the further developed electrode materials based on polyanionic LFP, high capacity electrodes such as Li2FeSiO4 [23, 24, 25, 26, 27], Li2FePO4F [28, 29, 30], Li2MP2O7 (M = Fe, Mn) [31] and Li4NiTeO6 [32] were reported, where two Li reaction are available and would contribute to the significant improvement of the energy density of the battery. On the other hand, the electrode of the layered rock-salt structure was also developed to be Li-rich layered electrode material, in which LiMO2 ( M = Mn, Co, Ni ) is stabilized by adding electrochemically inactive Li2MnO3 and shows the capacity of > 200 mAh g-1 by the almost one Li extraction from the structure[33, 34], while the conventional LiMO2 is unstabilized by only 0.6~0.7 Li extraction. As described above, Li2MnO3 is electrochemically inactive because the valence state of Mn in this materials is Mn4+ and further oxidation by the electrochemical delithiation is generally difficult; however, substitution of Mn atom by other transition metal in forth-period element such as Ru, Mo opens a new way to utilize these Li-rich layered electrodes [35, 36, 37, 38]. Furthermore, the redox reaction of oxygen is found to be available in this family of electrodes, which was demonstrated by substituting Sn in Li2RuO3 [39], whereas the importance of the redox contribution of oxygen has been pointed out from the ab initio calculations[40, 41]. Ab initio calculations also greatly contributes to the material design for the electrodes of LIBs [42, 43, 44, 45].
The cation mixing is also very common phenomena in the above electrode materials as well as LNO, which affects diffusion and electrode potential, phase transition, electric and magnetic properties, and eventually the whole electrode properties.Furthermore, the cation mixing is driven by the repetitive cycling, which degrades the energy density of the electrode in the long-term perspective. In some cases, some complex electrode materials have plural sites for a certain transition metal, where the electronic/local structural changes accompanied by lithiation/delithiation would be different each other. Thus, the demonstration of the site-selective analyses by the DAFS method in LNO is of great importance to show how to understand the relationship between the cation-mixing and the electrochemical properties in the electrode materials for LIBs.
References
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[Bibtex]
[Bibtex]
@article{Mizushima1980a,
abstract = {A new system LixCoO 2 (0[2] ![[doi]](https://i0.wp.com/tkawaguchi.com/wp-content/plugins/papercite/img/external.png?resize=10%2C10&ssl=1)
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M. Armand and J. -M. Tarascon, "Building better batteries.," Nature, vol. 451, iss. 7179, p. 652–657, 2008. [Bibtex]
@article{Armand2008,
author = {Armand, M and Tarascon, J.-M.},
doi = {10.1038/451652a},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nature/Armand, Tarascon\_Nature\_2008.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1476-4687},
journal = {Nature},
keywords = {19th Century,20th Century,21st Century,Air,Automobiles,Automobiles: history,Bioelectric Energy Sources,Bioelectric Energy Sources: economics,Bioelectric Energy Sources: history,Bioelectric Energy Sources: trends,Biomass,Biomimetics,Cellular Phone,Cellular Phone: history,Conservation of Energy Resources,Conservation of Energy Resources: economics,Conservation of Energy Resources: history,Conservation of Energy Resources: methods,Conservation of Energy Resources: trends,Electrochemistry,Electrochemistry: economics,Electrochemistry: history,Electronics,Electronics: economics,Electronics: history,Electronics: trends,History,Lithium,Lithium: chemistry,Nanotechnology,Nanotechnology: trends,Oxygen,Oxygen: chemistry},
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number = {7179},
pages = {652--657},
pmid = {18256660},
title = {{Building better batteries.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18256660},
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J. -M. Tarascon and M. Armand, "Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries.," Nature, vol. 414, iss. 6861, p. 359–67, 2001. [Bibtex]
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abstract = {Technological improvements in rechargeable solid-state batteries are being driven by an ever-increasing demand for portable electronic devices. Lithium-ion batteries are the systems of choice, offering high energy density, flexible and lightweight design, and longer lifespan than comparable battery technologies. We present a brief historical review of the development of lithium-based rechargeable batteries, highlight ongoing research strategies, and discuss the challenges that remain regarding the synthesis, characterization, electrochemical performance and safety of these systems.},
author = {Tarascon, J.-M. and Armand, M},
doi = {10.1038/35104644},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nature/Tarascon, Armand\_Nature\_2001(2).pdf:pdf},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = nov,
number = {6861},
pages = {359--67},
pmid = {11713543},
title = {{Issues and challenges facing rechargeable lithium batteries.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11713543},
volume = {414},
year = {2001}
}[4] D. Aurbach, Z. Lu, A. Schechter, Y. Gofer, H. Gizbar, R. Turgeman, Y. Cohen, M. Moshkovich, and E. Levi, "Prototype systems for rechargeable magnesium batteries.," Nature, vol. 407, iss. 6805, p. 724–727, 2000.
[Bibtex]
D. Aurbach, Z. Lu, A. Schechter, Y. Gofer, H. Gizbar, R. Turgeman, Y. Cohen, M. Moshkovich, and E. Levi, "Prototype systems for rechargeable magnesium batteries.," Nature, vol. 407, iss. 6805, p. 724–727, 2000. [Bibtex]
@article{Aurbach2000,
abstract = {The thermodynamic properties of magnesium make it a natural choice for use as an anode material in rechargeable batteries, because it may provide a considerably higher energy density than the commonly used lead-acid and nickel-cadmium systems. Moreover, in contrast to lead and cadmium, magnesium is inexpensive, environmentally friendly and safe to handle. But the development of Mg batteries has been hindered by two problems. First, owing to the chemical activity of Mg, only solutions that neither donate nor accept protons are suitable as electrolytes; but most of these solutions allow the growth of passivating surface films, which inhibit any electrochemical reaction. Second, the choice of cathode materials has been limited by the difficulty of intercalating Mg ions in many hosts. Following previous studies of the electrochemistry of Mg electrodes in various non-aqueous solutions, and of a variety of intercalation electrodes, we have now developed rechargeable Mg battery systems that show promise for applications. The systems comprise electrolyte solutions based on Mg organohaloaluminate salts, and Mg(x)Mo3S4 cathodes, into which Mg ions can be intercalated reversibly, and with relatively fast kinetics. We expect that further improvements in the energy density will make these batteries a viable alternative to existing systems.},
author = {Aurbach, D and Lu, Z and Schechter, A and Gofer, Y and Gizbar, H and Turgeman, R and Cohen, Y and Moshkovich, M and Levi, E},
doi = {10.1038/35037553},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nature/Aurbach et al.\_Nature\_2000.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = oct,
number = {6805},
pages = {724--727},
pmid = {11048714},
publisher = {Macmillian Magazines Ltd.},
shorttitle = {Nature},
title = {{Prototype systems for rechargeable magnesium batteries.}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35037553},
volume = {407},
year = {2000}
}[5] S. Yagi, T. Ichitsubo, Y. Shirai, S. Yanai, T. Doi, K. Murase, and E. Matsubara, "A concept of dual-salt polyvalent-metal storage battery," J. mater. chem. a, vol. 2, iss. 4, p. 1144–1149, 2014.
[Bibtex]
S. Yagi, T. Ichitsubo, Y. Shirai, S. Yanai, T. Doi, K. Murase, and E. Matsubara, "A concept of dual-salt polyvalent-metal storage battery," J. mater. chem. a, vol. 2, iss. 4, p. 1144–1149, 2014. [Bibtex]
@article{Yagi2014,
abstract = {In this work, we propose and examine a battery system with a new design concept. The battery consists of a non-noble polyvalent metal (such as Ca, Mg, Al) combined with a positive electrode already well-established for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). The prototype demonstrated here is composed of a Mg negative electrode, LiFePO4 positive electrode, and tetrahydrofuran solution of two kinds of salts (LiBF4 and phenylmagnesium chloride) as an electrolyte. The LIB positive-electrode materials such as LiFePO4 can preferentially accommodate Li+ ions; i.e., they work as a “Li pass filter”. This characteristic enables us to construct a septum-free, Daniel-battery type dual-salt polyvalent-metal storage battery (PSB). The presented dual-salt PSB combines many advantages, e.g., fast diffusion of Li+ ions in the positive electrode, high cyclability, and a high specific capacity of lightweight polyvalent metals. The concept is expected to allow the design of many combinations of dual-salt PSBs having a high energy density and high rate capability.},
author = {Yagi, Shunsuke and Ichitsubo, Tetsu and Shirai, Yoshimasa and Yanai, Shingo and Doi, Takayuki and Murase, Kuniaki and Matsubara, Eiichiro},
doi = {10.1039/c3ta13668j},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Journal of Materials Chemistry A/Yagi et al.\_Journal of Materials Chemistry A\_2014.pdf:pdf},
isbn = {10.1039/C3TA13668J},
issn = {2050-7488},
journal = {J. Mater. Chem. A},
language = {en},
month = dec,
number = {4},
pages = {1144--1149},
publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry},
title = {{A concept of dual-salt polyvalent-metal storage battery}},
url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2014/ta/c3ta13668j},
volume = {2},
year = {2014}
}[6] K. Kang, C. Chen, B. J. Hwang, and G. Ceder, "Synthesis, Electrochemical Properties, and Phase Stability of Li 2 NiO 2 with the Immm Structure," Chem. mater., vol. 16, iss. 13, p. 2685–2690, 2004.
[Bibtex]
K. Kang, C. Chen, B. J. Hwang, and G. Ceder, "Synthesis, Electrochemical Properties, and Phase Stability of Li 2 NiO 2 with the Immm Structure," Chem. mater., vol. 16, iss. 13, p. 2685–2690, 2004. [Bibtex]
@article{Kang2004,
abstract = {The electrochemical properties and phase stability of the orthorhombic Immm structure of composition Li2NiO2 are studied experimentally and with first principles calculations. The material shows a high specific charge capacity of about 320 mAh/g and discharge capacity of about 240 mAh/g at the first cycle. The experimental results and first principles calculations all indicate that the orthorhombic Immm structure is rather prone to phase transformation to a close-packed layered structure during the electrochemical cycling. The possibility of stabilizing the orthorhombic Immm structure during the electrochemical cycling by partial substitution of Ni is also evaluated. A detailed analysis of the crystal field energy difference between octahedral and square-planar coordinated Ni2+ indicates that crystal field effects may not be large enough to stabilize Ni2+ in a square planar environment when the cost of electron pairing is taken into account. Rather, we attribute the stability of Li2NiO2 in the Immm structure to the more favorable Li arrangement as compared to a possible Li2NiO2 structure with octahedral Ni.
The electrochemical properties and phase stability of the orthorhombic Immm structure of composition Li2NiO2 are studied experimentally and with first principles calculations. The material shows a high specific charge capacity of about 320 mAh/g and discharge capacity of about 240 mAh/g at the first cycle. The experimental results and first principles calculations all indicate that the orthorhombic Immm structure is rather prone to phase transformation to a close-packed layered structure during the electrochemical cycling. The possibility of stabilizing the orthorhombic Immm structure during the electrochemical cycling by partial substitution of Ni is also evaluated. A detailed analysis of the crystal field energy difference between octahedral and square-planar coordinated Ni2+ indicates that crystal field effects may not be large enough to stabilize Ni2+ in a square planar environment when the cost of electron pairing is taken into account. Rather, we attribute the stability of Li2NiO2 in the Immm structure to the more favorable Li arrangement as compared to a possible Li2NiO2 structure with octahedral Ni.},
author = {Kang, Kisuk and Chen, Ching-Hsiang and Hwang, Bing Joe and Ceder, Gerbrand},
doi = {10.1021/cm049922h},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Chemistry of Materials/Kang et al.\_Chemistry of Materials\_2004.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0897-4756},
journal = {Chem. Mater.},
month = jun,
number = {13},
pages = {2685--2690},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
title = {{Synthesis, Electrochemical Properties, and Phase Stability of Li 2 NiO 2 with the Immm Structure}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm049922h},
volume = {16},
year = {2004}
}[7] Z. Lu, Z. Chen, and J. R. Dahn, "Lack of Cation Clustering in Li[Ni x Li 1/3 - 2 x /3 Mn 2/3 - x / 3 ]O 2 (0 < x ≤ 1 / 2 ) and Li[Cr x Li (1 - x )/3 Mn (2 - 2 x )/3 ]O 2 (0 < x < 1)," Chem. mater., vol. 15, iss. 16, p. 3214–3220, 2003.
[Bibtex]
Z. Lu, Z. Chen, and J. R. Dahn, "Lack of Cation Clustering in Li[Ni x Li 1/3 - 2 x /3 Mn 2/3 - x / 3 ]O 2 (0 < x ≤ 1 / 2 ) and Li[Cr x Li (1 - x )/3 Mn (2 - 2 x )/3 ]O 2 (0 < x < 1)," Chem. mater., vol. 15, iss. 16, p. 3214–3220, 2003. [Bibtex]
@article{Lu2003,
abstract = {Recent papers by Ammundsen et al. and Pan et al. give evidence for the formation of local regions high in Mn content and other local regions high in Cr or Ni content in Li[Li0.2Cr0.4Mn0.4]O2 and Li[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2 by EXAFS and NMR methods, respectively. These observations are surprising for the following reasons:? (1) each of these materials is a part of a solid solution series, Li[CrxLi(1-x)/3Mn(2-2x)/3]O2 (0 < x < 1) or Li[NixLi1/3-2x/3Mn2/3-x/3]O2 (0 < x < 1/2); (2) the materials are made at high temperature, and entropy considerations suggest that like transition-metal atoms should not cluster; and (3) the electrochemical and structural properties of the materials vary smoothly with composition. Here, using careful X-ray diffraction on many samples from each solid solution, we show that it is very unlikely that such local regions high in Mn, Ni, or Cr exist. We show that long-ranged lithium ordering on the 31/2 a ? 31/2 a superstructure occurs as expected based on the work of Schick et al., however, this does not imply local regions of Li2MnO3. Instead, the diffraction angles of the superstructure peaks shift with composition suggesting that the Mn, Cr, or Ni are uniformly mixed on the transition-metal sites. In addition, we show that the electrochemical behavior of Li[NixLi1/3-2x/3Mn2/3-x/3]O2 heated to 1000 °C is improved compared to that of samples made at 900 °C.
Recent papers by Ammundsen et al. and Pan et al. give evidence for the formation of local regions high in Mn content and other local regions high in Cr or Ni content in Li[Li0.2Cr0.4Mn0.4]O2 and Li[Ni0.5Mn0.5]O2 by EXAFS and NMR methods, respectively. These observations are surprising for the following reasons:? (1) each of these materials is a part of a solid solution series, Li[CrxLi(1-x)/3Mn(2-2x)/3]O2 (0 < x < 1) or Li[NixLi1/3-2x/3Mn2/3-x/3]O2 (0 < x < 1/2); (2) the materials are made at high temperature, and entropy considerations suggest that like transition-metal atoms should not cluster; and (3) the electrochemical and structural properties of the materials vary smoothly with composition. Here, using careful X-ray diffraction on many samples from each solid solution, we show that it is very unlikely that such local regions high in Mn, Ni, or Cr exist. We show that long-ranged lithium ordering on the 31/2 a ? 31/2 a superstructure occurs as expected based on the work of Schick et al., however, this does not imply local regions of Li2MnO3. Instead, the diffraction angles of the superstructure peaks shift with composition suggesting that the Mn, Cr, or Ni are uniformly mixed on the transition-metal sites. In addition, we show that the electrochemical behavior of Li[NixLi1/3-2x/3Mn2/3-x/3]O2 heated to 1000 °C is improved compared to that of samples made at 900 °C.},
author = {Lu, Zhonghua and Chen, Zhaohui and Dahn, J. R.},
doi = {10.1021/cm030194s},
issn = {0897-4756},
journal = {Chem. Mater.},
month = aug,
number = {16},
pages = {3214--3220},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
title = {{Lack of Cation Clustering in Li[Ni x Li 1/3 - 2 x /3 Mn 2/3 - x / 3 ]O 2 (0 < x ≤ 1 / 2 ) and Li[Cr x Li (1 - x )/3 Mn (2 - 2 x )/3 ]O 2 (0 < x < 1)}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm030194s},
volume = {15},
year = {2003}
}[8] T. Ohzuku and Y. Makimura, "Layered Lithium Insertion Material of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 for Lithium-Ion Batteries," Chem. lett., vol. 30, iss. 7, p. 642–643, 2001.
[Bibtex]
[Bibtex]
@article{Ohzuku2001,
author = {Ohzuku, T. and Makimura, Yoshinari},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Chem. Lett/Ohzuku, Makimura\_Chem. Lett.\_2001.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Chem. Lett.},
keywords = {LCNMO},
number = {7},
pages = {642--643},
publisher = {J-STAGE},
title = {{Layered Lithium Insertion Material of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 for Lithium-Ion Batteries}},
url = {http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/cl/2001.642?from=Google},
volume = {30},
year = {2001}
}[9] M. M. Thackeray, P. J. Johnson, L. A. de Picciotto, P. G. Bruce, and J. B. Goodenough, "Electrochemical extraction of lithium from LiMn2O4," Mater. res. bull., vol. 19, iss. 2, p. 179–187, 1984.
[Bibtex]
M. M. Thackeray, P. J. Johnson, L. A. de Picciotto, P. G. Bruce, and J. B. Goodenough, "Electrochemical extraction of lithium from LiMn2O4," Mater. res. bull., vol. 19, iss. 2, p. 179–187, 1984. [Bibtex]
@article{Thackeray1984,
abstract = {Lithium has been removed electrochemically at 15 $\mu$A/cm2 from LiMn2O4 (spinel) to yield single phase Li1−xMn2O4 for 0 < × ⩽ 0.60. The electrochemical curve suggests that beyond x = 0.60 an electrochemical process other than lithium extraction occurs. Powder X-ray-diffraction spectra indicate that during the extraction process the [Mn2]O4 framework of the spinel structure remains intact. Previous results have shown that 1.2 Li+ ions can also be inserted into LiMn2O4, which suggests that lithium may be cycled in and out of the [Mn2]O4 framework of the spinel structure over a wide range of x, at least from Li0.4Mn2O4 to Li2Mn2O4. Discussion of the mechanism of formation of $\lambda$-MnO2 in an acidic environment is extended.},
author = {Thackeray, M.M. and Johnson, P.J. and de Picciotto, L.A. and Bruce, P.G. and Goodenough, J.B.},
doi = {10.1016/0025-5408(84)90088-6},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Materials Research Bulletin/Thackeray et al.\_Materials Research Bulletin\_1984.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00255408},
journal = {Mater. Res. Bull.},
month = feb,
number = {2},
pages = {179--187},
title = {{Electrochemical extraction of lithium from LiMn2O4}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0025540884900886},
volume = {19},
year = {1984}
}[10] A. K. Padhi, K. S. Nanjundaswamy, and J. B. Goodenough, "Phospho‐olivines as Positive‐Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries," J. electrochem. soc., vol. 144, iss. 4, p. 1–7, 1997.
[Bibtex]
[Bibtex]
@article{Padhi1997,
author = {Padhi, A.K and Nanjundaswamy, K.S and Goodenough, J.B},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/J. Electrochem. Soc/Padhi, Nanjundaswamy, Goodenough\_J. Electrochem. Soc.\_1997.pdf:pdf},
journal = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
number = {4},
pages = {1--7},
title = {{Phospho‐olivines as Positive‐Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries}},
url = {http://link.aip.org/link/?JESOAN/144/1188/1},
volume = {144},
year = {1997}
}[11] C. Sigala, D. Guyomard, A. Verbare, Y. Piffard, and M. Tournoux, "Positive electrode materials with high operating voltage for lithium batteries: LiCryMn2 − yO4 (0 ≤ y ≤ 1)," Solid state ionics, vol. 81, iss. 3-4, p. 167–170, 1995.
[Bibtex]
C. Sigala, D. Guyomard, A. Verbare, Y. Piffard, and M. Tournoux, "Positive electrode materials with high operating voltage for lithium batteries: LiCryMn2 − yO4 (0 ≤ y ≤ 1)," Solid state ionics, vol. 81, iss. 3-4, p. 167–170, 1995. [Bibtex]
@article{SIGALA1995,
abstract = {Reversible lithium deintercalation of chromium-substituted spinel manganese oxides LiCryMn2 − yO4 (0 ≤ y ≤ 1) in the voltage range 3.4–5.4 V versus Li, occurs in two main steps for 0 < y < 1: one at about 4.9 V and the other at about 4 V. The 4.9 V process capacity increases with the chromium content while the 4 V process capacity decreases at the same time. Excellent cyclability was observed for y ≤ 0.5 while materials with y ≥ 0.75 were loosing capacity rapidly upon cycling. Changing the chromium composition of these materials enables the control of the average intercalation voltage in the range 4.05–4.5 V versus Li, a voltage range where no material was known before. A low manganese to chromium substitution rate in LiMn2O4 was found to be beneficial to the specific capacity and energy and to the cyclability of the spinel materials. Due to the selected electrolyte composition with high stability against oxidation, extra capacity due to electrolyte oxidation at each cycle remained very low even though the charge voltage was highly oxidative.},
author = {Sigala, C and Guyomard, D and Verbare, A and Piffard, Y and Tournoux, M},
doi = {10.1016/0167-2738(95)00163-Z},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Solid State Ionics/Sigala et al.\_Solid State Ionics\_1995.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01672738},
journal = {Solid State Ionics},
keywords = {Cathode material,High voltage material,Li battery,Li intercalation,Lithium chromium manganese oxide,Spinel oxides},
month = nov,
number = {3-4},
pages = {167--170},
title = {{Positive electrode materials with high operating voltage for lithium batteries: LiCryMn2 − yO4 (0 ≤ y ≤ 1)}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016727389500163Z},
volume = {81},
year = {1995}
}[12] H. Liu, F. C. Strobridge, O. J. Borkiewicz, K. M. Wiaderek, K. W. Chapman, P. J. Chupas, and C. P. Grey, "Batteries. Capturing metastable structures during high-rate cycling of LiFePO₄ nanoparticle electrodes.," Science, vol. 344, iss. 6191, p. 1252817, 2014.
[Bibtex]
H. Liu, F. C. Strobridge, O. J. Borkiewicz, K. M. Wiaderek, K. W. Chapman, P. J. Chupas, and C. P. Grey, "Batteries. Capturing metastable structures during high-rate cycling of LiFePO₄ nanoparticle electrodes.," Science, vol. 344, iss. 6191, p. 1252817, 2014. [Bibtex]
@article{Liu2014,
abstract = {The absence of a phase transformation involving substantial structural rearrangements and large volume changes is generally considered to be a key characteristic underpinning the high-rate capability of any battery electrode material. In apparent contradiction, nanoparticulate LiFePO4, a commercially important cathode material, displays exceptionally high rates, whereas its lithium-composition phase diagram indicates that it should react via a kinetically limited, two-phase nucleation and growth process. Knowledge concerning the equilibrium phases is therefore insufficient, and direct investigation of the dynamic process is required. Using time-resolved in situ x-ray powder diffraction, we reveal the existence of a continuous metastable solid solution phase during rapid lithium extraction and insertion. This nonequilibrium facile phase transformation route provides a mechanism for realizing high-rate capability of electrode materials that operate via two-phase reactions.},
author = {Liu, Hao and Strobridge, Fiona C and Borkiewicz, Olaf J and Wiaderek, Kamila M and Chapman, Karena W and Chupas, Peter J and Grey, Clare P},
doi = {10.1126/science.1252817},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Science (New York, N.Y.)/Liu et al.\_Science (New York, N.Y.)\_2014.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1095-9203},
journal = {Science},
month = jun,
number = {6191},
pages = {1252817},
pmid = {24970091},
title = {{Batteries. Capturing metastable structures during high-rate cycling of LiFePO₄ nanoparticle electrodes.}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6191/1252817},
volume = {344},
year = {2014}
}[13] R. Malik, F. Zhou, and G. Ceder, "Kinetics of non-equilibrium lithium incorporation in LiFePO4," Nat. mater., vol. 10, iss. 8, p. 587–590, 2011.
[Bibtex]
R. Malik, F. Zhou, and G. Ceder, "Kinetics of non-equilibrium lithium incorporation in LiFePO4," Nat. mater., vol. 10, iss. 8, p. 587–590, 2011. [Bibtex]
@article{Malik2011,
author = {Malik, Rahul and Zhou, Fei and Ceder, G.},
doi = {10.1038/nmat3065},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nat. Mater/Malik, Zhou, Ceder\_Nat. Mater.\_2011.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1476-1122},
journal = {Nat. Mater.},
month = jul,
number = {8},
pages = {587--590},
title = {{Kinetics of non-equilibrium lithium incorporation in LiFePO4}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nmat3065},
volume = {10},
year = {2011}
}[14] C. Delmas, M. Maccario, L. Croguennec, F. {Le Cras}, and F. Weill, "Lithium deintercalation in LiFePO4 nanoparticles via a domino-cascade model.," Nat. mater., vol. 7, p. 665–671, 2008.
[Bibtex]
C. Delmas, M. Maccario, L. Croguennec, F. {Le Cras}, and F. Weill, "Lithium deintercalation in LiFePO4 nanoparticles via a domino-cascade model.," Nat. mater., vol. 7, p. 665–671, 2008. [Bibtex]
@article{Delmas2008a,
abstract = {Lithium iron phosphate is one of the most promising positive-electrode materials for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries that will be used in electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. Lithium deintercalation (intercalation) proceeds through a two-phase reaction between compositions very close to LiFePO(4) and FePO(4). As both endmember phases are very poor ionic and electronic conductors, it is difficult to understand the intercalation mechanism at the microscopic scale. Here, we report a characterization of electrochemically deintercalated nanomaterials by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy that shows the coexistence of fully intercalated and fully deintercalated individual particles. This result indicates that the growth reaction is considerably faster than its nucleation. The reaction mechanism is described by a 'domino-cascade model' and is explained by the existence of structural constraints occurring just at the reaction interface: the minimization of the elastic energy enhances the deintercalation (intercalation) process that occurs as a wave moving through the entire crystal. This model opens new perspectives in the search for new electrode materials even with poor ionic and electronic conductivities.},
author = {Delmas, C and Maccario, M and Croguennec, L and {Le Cras}, F and Weill, F},
doi = {10.1038/nmat2230},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nat. Mater/Delmas et al.\_Nat. Mater.\_2008.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1476-1122},
journal = {Nat. Mater.},
month = aug,
pages = {665--671},
pmid = {18641656},
title = {{Lithium deintercalation in LiFePO4 nanoparticles via a domino-cascade model.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18641656},
volume = {7},
year = {2008}
}[15] C. Delacourt, P. Poizot, J. Tarascon, and C. Masquelier, "The existence of a temperature-driven solid solution in LixFePO4 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1," Nat. mater., vol. 4, iss. 3, p. 254–260, 2005.
[Bibtex]
C. Delacourt, P. Poizot, J. Tarascon, and C. Masquelier, "The existence of a temperature-driven solid solution in LixFePO4 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1," Nat. mater., vol. 4, iss. 3, p. 254–260, 2005. [Bibtex]
@article{Delacourt2005,
author = {Delacourt, Charles and Poizot, Philippe and Tarascon, Jean-Marie and Masquelier, Christian},
doi = {10.1038/nmat1335},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nature Materials/Delacourt et al.\_Nature Materials\_2005.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1476-1122},
journal = {Nat. Mater.},
month = feb,
number = {3},
pages = {254--260},
title = {{The existence of a temperature-driven solid solution in LixFePO4 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1}},
url = {http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/nmat1335},
volume = {4},
year = {2005}
}[16] B. Kang and G. Ceder, "Battery materials for ultrafast charging and discharging," Nature, vol. 458, iss. 7235, p. 190–193, 2009.
[Bibtex]
B. Kang and G. Ceder, "Battery materials for ultrafast charging and discharging," Nature, vol. 458, iss. 7235, p. 190–193, 2009. [Bibtex]
@article{Kang2009,
author = {Kang, Byoungwoo and Ceder, Gerbrand},
doi = {10.1038/nature07853},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nature/Kang, Ceder\_Nature\_2009.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
number = {7235},
pages = {190--193},
publisher = {Macmillan Magazines Ltd, Brunel Rd, Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hants, RG 21 2 XS, UK},
title = {{Battery materials for ultrafast charging and discharging}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature07853 http://burgaz.mit.edu/PUBLICATIONS/nature07853.pdf},
volume = {458},
year = {2009}
}[17] W. Dreyer, J. Jamnik, C. Guhlke, R. Huth, J. Moškon, and M. Gaberšček, "The thermodynamic origin of hysteresis in insertion batteries," Nat. mater., vol. 9, iss. 5, p. 448–453, 2010.
[Bibtex]
W. Dreyer, J. Jamnik, C. Guhlke, R. Huth, J. Moškon, and M. Gaberšček, "The thermodynamic origin of hysteresis in insertion batteries," Nat. mater., vol. 9, iss. 5, p. 448–453, 2010. [Bibtex]
@article{Dreyer2010,
abstract = {Lithium batteries are considered the key storage devices for most emerging green technologies such as wind and solar technologies or hybrid and plug-in electric vehicles. Despite the tremendous recent advances in battery research, surprisingly, several fundamental issues of increasing practical importance have not been adequately tackled. One such issue concerns the energy efficiency. Generally, charging of 10(10)-10(17) electrode particles constituting a modern battery electrode proceeds at (much) higher voltages than discharging. Most importantly, the hysteresis between the charge and discharge voltage seems not to disappear as the charging/discharging current vanishes. Herein we present, for the first time, a general explanation of the occurrence of inherent hysteretic behaviour in insertion storage systems containing multiple particles. In a broader sense, the model also predicts the existence of apparent equilibria in battery electrodes, the sequential particle-by-particle charging/discharging mechanism and the disappearance of two-phase behaviour at special experimental conditions.},
annote = {From Duplicate 1 ( The thermodynamic origin of hysteresis in insertion batteries. - Dreyer, Wolfgang; Jamnik, Janko; Guhlke, Clemens; Huth, Robert; Mo\v{s}kon, Jo\v{z}e; Gaber\v{s}\v{c}ek, Miran )},
author = {Dreyer, Wolfgang and Jamnik, Janko and Guhlke, Clemens and Huth, Robert and Mo\v{s}kon, Jo\v{z}e and Gaber\v{s}\v{c}ek, Miran},
doi = {10.1038/nmat2730},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nat. Mater/Dreyer et al.\_Nat. Mater.\_2010.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1476-1122},
journal = {Nat. Mater.},
month = apr,
number = {5},
pages = {448--453},
pmid = {20383130},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
title = {{The thermodynamic origin of hysteresis in insertion batteries}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383130 http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nmat2730.html},
volume = {9},
year = {2010}
}[18] Y. Asari, Y. Suwa, and T. Hamada, "Formation and diffusion of vacancy-polaron complex in olivine-type LiMnPO_\4\ and LiFePO_\4\," Phys. rev. b, vol. 84, iss. 13, p. 134113, 2011.
[Bibtex]
Y. Asari, Y. Suwa, and T. Hamada, "Formation and diffusion of vacancy-polaron complex in olivine-type LiMnPO_\4\ and LiFePO_\4\," Phys. rev. b, vol. 84, iss. 13, p. 134113, 2011. [Bibtex]
@article{Asari2011,
author = {Asari, Yusuke and Suwa, Yuji and Hamada, Tomoyuki},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.84.134113},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Phys. Rev. B/Asari, Suwa, Hamada\_Phys. Rev. B\_2011.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1098-0121},
journal = {Phys. Rev. B},
month = oct,
number = {13},
pages = {134113},
title = {{Formation and diffusion of vacancy-polaron complex in olivine-type LiMnPO\_\{4\} and LiFePO\_\{4\}}},
url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.134113},
volume = {84},
year = {2011}
}[19] Y. Orikasa, T. Maeda, Y. Koyama, H. Murayama, K. Fukuda, H. Tanida, H. Arai, E. Matsubara, Y. Uchimoto, and Z. Ogumi, "Direct observation of a metastable crystal phase of Li(x)FePO4 under electrochemical phase transition.," J. am. chem. soc., vol. 135, iss. 15, p. 5497–500, 2013.
[Bibtex]
Y. Orikasa, T. Maeda, Y. Koyama, H. Murayama, K. Fukuda, H. Tanida, H. Arai, E. Matsubara, Y. Uchimoto, and Z. Ogumi, "Direct observation of a metastable crystal phase of Li(x)FePO4 under electrochemical phase transition.," J. am. chem. soc., vol. 135, iss. 15, p. 5497–500, 2013. [Bibtex]
@article{Orikasa2013a,
abstract = {The phase transition between LiFePO4 and FePO4 during nonequilibrium battery operation was tracked in real time using time-resolved X-ray diffraction. In conjunction with increasing current density, a metastable crystal phase appears in addition to the thermodynamically stable LiFePO4 and FePO4 phases. The metastable phase gradually diminishes under open-circuit conditions following electrochemical cycling. We propose a phase transition path that passes through the metastable phase and posit the new phase's role in decreasing the nucleation energy, accounting for the excellent rate capability of LiFePO4. This study is the first to report the measurement of a metastable crystal phase during the electrochemical phase transition of LixFePO4.},
author = {Orikasa, Yuki and Maeda, Takehiro and Koyama, Yukinori and Murayama, Haruno and Fukuda, Katsutoshi and Tanida, Hajime and Arai, Hajime and Matsubara, Eiichiro and Uchimoto, Yoshiharu and Ogumi, Zempachi},
doi = {10.1021/ja312527x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/J. Am. Chem. Soc/Orikasa et al.\_J. Am. Chem. Soc.\_2013.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1520-5126},
journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
month = apr,
number = {15},
pages = {5497--500},
pmid = {23544671},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
title = {{Direct observation of a metastable crystal phase of Li(x)FePO4 under electrochemical phase transition.}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja312527x},
volume = {135},
year = {2013}
}[20] T. Ichitsubo, K. Tokuda, S. Yagi, M. Kawamori, T. Kawaguchi, T. Doi, M. Oishi, and E. Matsubara, "Elastically constrained phase-separation dynamics competing with charge process in LiFePO4/FePO4 system," J. mater. chem. a, vol. 1, p. 2567–2577, 2013.
[Bibtex]
T. Ichitsubo, K. Tokuda, S. Yagi, M. Kawamori, T. Kawaguchi, T. Doi, M. Oishi, and E. Matsubara, "Elastically constrained phase-separation dynamics competing with charge process in LiFePO4/FePO4 system," J. mater. chem. a, vol. 1, p. 2567–2577, 2013. [Bibtex]
@article{Ichitsubo2013,
author = {Ichitsubo, Tetsu and Tokuda, Kazuya and Yagi, Shunsuke and Kawamori, Makoto and Kawaguchi, Tomoya and Doi, Takayuki and Oishi, Masatsugu and Matsubara, Eiichiro},
doi = {10.1039/c2ta01102f},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Journal of Materials Chemistry A/Ichitsubo et al.\_Journal of Materials Chemistry A\_2013(3).pdf:pdf;:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Journal of Materials Chemistry A/Ichitsubo et al.\_Journal of Materials Chemistry A\_2013.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2050-7488},
journal = {J. Mater. Chem. A},
language = {en},
pages = {2567--2577},
publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry},
title = {{Elastically constrained phase-separation dynamics competing with charge process in LiFePO4/FePO4 system}},
url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2013/ta/c2ta01102f},
volume = {1},
year = {2013}
}[21] T. Ichitsubo, T. Doi, K. Tokuda, E. Matsubara, T. Kida, T. Kawaguchi, S. Yagi, S. Okada, and J. Yamaki, "What determines the critical size for phase separation in LiFePO4 in lithium ion batteries?," J. mater. chem. a, vol. 1, iss. 46, p. 14532–14537, 2013.
[Bibtex]
T. Ichitsubo, T. Doi, K. Tokuda, E. Matsubara, T. Kida, T. Kawaguchi, S. Yagi, S. Okada, and J. Yamaki, "What determines the critical size for phase separation in LiFePO4 in lithium ion batteries?," J. mater. chem. a, vol. 1, iss. 46, p. 14532–14537, 2013. [Bibtex]
@article{Ichitsubo2013c,
author = {Ichitsubo, Tetsu and Doi, Takayuki and Tokuda, Kazuya and Matsubara, Eiichiro and Kida, Tetsuya and Kawaguchi, Tomoya and Yagi, Shunsuke and Okada, Shigeto and Yamaki, Jun-ichi},
doi = {10.1039/c3ta13122j},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Journal of Materials Chemistry A/Ichitsubo et al.\_Journal of Materials Chemistry A\_2013.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2050-7488},
journal = {J. Mater. Chem. A},
language = {en},
month = nov,
number = {46},
pages = {14532--14537},
publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
title = {{What determines the critical size for phase separation in LiFePO4 in lithium ion batteries?}},
url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHTML/2013/TA/C3TA13122J},
volume = {1},
year = {2013}
}[22] K. Tokuda, T. Kawaguchi, K. Fukuda, T. Ichitsubo, and E. Matsubara, "Retardation and acceleration of phase separation evaluated from observation of imbalance between structure and valence in LiFePO4/FePO4 electrode," Apl mater., vol. 2, iss. 7, p. 70701, 2014.
[Bibtex]
K. Tokuda, T. Kawaguchi, K. Fukuda, T. Ichitsubo, and E. Matsubara, "Retardation and acceleration of phase separation evaluated from observation of imbalance between structure and valence in LiFePO4/FePO4 electrode," Apl mater., vol. 2, iss. 7, p. 70701, 2014. [Bibtex]
@article{Tokuda2014,
author = {Tokuda, Kazuya and Kawaguchi, Tomoya and Fukuda, Katsutoshi and Ichitsubo, Tetsu and Matsubara, Eiichiro},
doi = {10.1063/1.4886555},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/APL Materials/Tokuda et al.\_APL Materials\_2014.pdf:pdf},
issn = {2166-532X},
journal = {APL Mater.},
month = jul,
number = {7},
pages = {070701},
title = {{Retardation and acceleration of phase separation evaluated from observation of imbalance between structure and valence in LiFePO4/FePO4 electrode}},
url = {http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/aplmater/2/7/10.1063/1.4886555},
volume = {2},
year = {2014}
}[23] S. Nishimura, S. Hayase, R. Kanno, M. Yashima, N. Nakayama, and A. Yamada, "Structure of Li2FeSiO4.," J. am. chem. soc., vol. 130, iss. 40, p. 13212–13213, 2008.
[Bibtex]
S. Nishimura, S. Hayase, R. Kanno, M. Yashima, N. Nakayama, and A. Yamada, "Structure of Li2FeSiO4.," J. am. chem. soc., vol. 130, iss. 40, p. 13212–13213, 2008. [Bibtex]
@article{Nishimura2008a,
abstract = {A large-scale lithium-ion battery is the key technology toward a greener society. A lithium iron silicate system is rapidly attracting much attention as the new important developmental platform of cathode material with abundant elements and possible multielectron reactions. The hitherto unsolved crystal structure of the typical composition Li2FeSiO4 has now been determined using high-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction experiments. The structure has a 2 times larger superlattice compared to the previous beta-Li3PO4-based model, and its origin is the periodic modulation of coordination tetrahedra.},
author = {Nishimura, Shinchi and Hayase, Shogo and Kanno, Ryoji and Yashima, Masatomo and Nakayama, Noriaki and Yamada, Atsuo},
doi = {10.1021/ja805543p},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/J. Am. Chem. Soc/Nishimura et al.\_J. Am. Chem. Soc.\_2008.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1520-5126},
journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
month = oct,
number = {40},
pages = {13212--13213},
pmid = {18788804},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
title = {{Structure of Li2FeSiO4.}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja805543p},
volume = {130},
year = {2008}
}[24] D. Rangappa, K. D. Murukanahally, T. Tomai, A. Unemoto, and I. Honma, "Ultrathin nanosheets of Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Mn) as high-capacity Li-ion battery electrode.," Nano lett., vol. 12, iss. 3, p. 1146–1151, 2012.
[Bibtex]
D. Rangappa, K. D. Murukanahally, T. Tomai, A. Unemoto, and I. Honma, "Ultrathin nanosheets of Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Mn) as high-capacity Li-ion battery electrode.," Nano lett., vol. 12, iss. 3, p. 1146–1151, 2012. [Bibtex]
@article{Rangappa2012,
abstract = {Novel ultrathin Li(2)MnSiO(4) nanosheets have been prepared in a rapid one pot supercritical fluid synthesis method. Nanosheets structured cathode material exhibits a discharge capacity of \~{}340 mAh/g at 45 ± 5 °C. This result shows two lithium extraction/insertion performances with good cycle ability without any structural instability up to 20 cycles. The two-dimensional nanosheets structure enables us to overcome structural instability problem in the lithium metal silicate based cathode materials and allows successful insertion/extraction of two complete lithium ions.},
author = {Rangappa, Dinesh and Murukanahally, Kempaiah Devaraju and Tomai, Takaaki and Unemoto, Atsushi and Honma, Itaru},
doi = {10.1021/nl202681b},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nano letters/Rangappa et al.\_Nano letters\_2012.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1530-6992},
journal = {Nano Lett.},
keywords = {Artificial,Electric Power Supplies,Electrodes,Energy Transfer,Equipment Design,Equipment Failure Analysis,Ions,Lithium,Lithium Compounds,Lithium Compounds: chemistry,Lithium: chemistry,Manganese,Manganese: chemistry,Membranes,Nanostructures,Nanostructures: chemistry,Nanostructures: ultrastructure,Oxides,Oxides: chemistry,Particle Size,Sulfates,Sulfates: chemistry},
month = mar,
number = {3},
pages = {1146--1151},
pmid = {22332722},
title = {{Ultrathin nanosheets of Li2MSiO4 (M = Fe, Mn) as high-capacity Li-ion battery electrode.}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22332722},
volume = {12},
year = {2012}
}[25] R. Dominko, M. Bele, M. Gaberšček, a. Meden, M. Remškar, and J. Jamnik, "Structure and electrochemical performance of Li2MnSiO4 and Li2FeSiO4 as potential Li-battery cathode materials," Electrochem. commun., vol. 8, iss. 2, p. 217–222, 2006.
[Bibtex]
R. Dominko, M. Bele, M. Gaberšček, a. Meden, M. Remškar, and J. Jamnik, "Structure and electrochemical performance of Li2MnSiO4 and Li2FeSiO4 as potential Li-battery cathode materials," Electrochem. commun., vol. 8, iss. 2, p. 217–222, 2006. [Bibtex]
@article{Dominko2006,
author = {Dominko, R. and Bele, M. and Gaber\v{s}\v{c}ek, M. and Meden, a. and Rem\v{s}kar, M. and Jamnik, J.},
doi = {10.1016/j.elecom.2005.11.010},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Electrochem. Commun/Dominko et al.\_Electrochem. Commun.\_2006.pdf:pdf},
issn = {13882481},
journal = {Electrochem. Commun.},
keywords = {Li2FeSiO4,cathode material,crystal structure,iron silicate,lithium-ion battery,manganese silicate},
mendeley-tags = {Li2FeSiO4},
month = feb,
number = {2},
pages = {217--222},
title = {{Structure and electrochemical performance of Li2MnSiO4 and Li2FeSiO4 as potential Li-battery cathode materials}},
url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1388248105003607},
volume = {8},
year = {2006}
}[26] T. Masese, Y. Orikasa, T. Mori, K. Yamamoto, T. Ina, T. Minato, K. Nakanishi, T. Ohta, C. Tassel, Y. Kobayashi, H. Kageyama, H. Arai, Z. Ogumi, and Y. Uchimoto, "Local structural change in Li2FeSiO4 polyanion cathode material during initial cycling," Solid state ionics, vol. 262, p. 110–114, 2014.
[Bibtex]
T. Masese, Y. Orikasa, T. Mori, K. Yamamoto, T. Ina, T. Minato, K. Nakanishi, T. Ohta, C. Tassel, Y. Kobayashi, H. Kageyama, H. Arai, Z. Ogumi, and Y. Uchimoto, "Local structural change in Li2FeSiO4 polyanion cathode material during initial cycling," Solid state ionics, vol. 262, p. 110–114, 2014. [Bibtex]
@article{Masese2014a,
abstract = {To elucidate the Li+ extraction and insertion mechanism for Li2FeSiO4 nanoparticles, at the atomic scale, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements at Fe and Si K-edges were performed. Fe K-edge XAS spectra suggest irreversible changes occurring in the local and electronic environment of iron which can be attributable to the characteristic shift in potential plateau during initial cycling of Li2−xFeSiO4 system. While the local environment around Fe atoms significantly changes upon initial cycling, the local SiO environment is mostly maintained.},
author = {Masese, Titus and Orikasa, Yuki and Mori, Takuya and Yamamoto, Kentaro and Ina, Toshiaki and Minato, Taketoshi and Nakanishi, Koji and Ohta, Toshiaki and Tassel, C\'{e}dric and Kobayashi, Yoji and Kageyama, Hiroshi and Arai, Hajime and Ogumi, Zempachi and Uchimoto, Yoshiharu},
doi = {10.1016/j.ssi.2013.11.018},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Solid State Ionics/Masese et al.\_Solid State Ionics\_2014.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01672738},
journal = {Solid State Ionics},
keywords = {Li2FeSiO4,Lithium-ion battery,X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)},
month = sep,
pages = {110--114},
title = {{Local structural change in Li2FeSiO4 polyanion cathode material during initial cycling}},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167273813005973},
volume = {262},
year = {2014}
}[27] T. Masese, Y. Orikasa, C. Tassel, J. Kim, T. Minato, H. Arai, T. Mori, K. Yamamoto, Y. Kobayashi, H. Kageyama, Z. Ogumi, and Y. Uchimoto, "Relationship between Phase Transition Involving Cationic Exchange and Charge–Discharge Rate in Li 2 FeSiO 4," Chem. mater., vol. 26, iss. 3, p. 1380–1384, 2014.
[Bibtex]
T. Masese, Y. Orikasa, C. Tassel, J. Kim, T. Minato, H. Arai, T. Mori, K. Yamamoto, Y. Kobayashi, H. Kageyama, Z. Ogumi, and Y. Uchimoto, "Relationship between Phase Transition Involving Cationic Exchange and Charge–Discharge Rate in Li 2 FeSiO 4," Chem. mater., vol. 26, iss. 3, p. 1380–1384, 2014. [Bibtex]
@article{Masese2014,
abstract = {Li2FeSiO4 is considered a promising cathode material for the next-generation Li-ion battery systems owing to its high theoretical capacity and low cost. Li2FeSiO4 exhibits complex polymorphism and undergoes significant phase transformations during charge and discharge reaction. To elucidate the phase transformation mechanism, crystal structural changes during charge and discharge processes of Li2FeSiO4 at different rates were investigated by X-ray diffraction measurements. The C/50 rate of lithium extraction upon initial cycling leads to a complete transformation from a monoclinic Li2FeSiO4 to a thermodynamically stable orthorhombic LiFeSiO4, concomitant with the occurrence of significant Li/Fe antisite mixing. The C/10 rate of lithium extraction and insertion, however, leads to retention of the parent Li2FeSiO4 (with the monoclinic structure as a metastable phase) with little cationic mixing. Here, we experimentally show the presence of metastable and stable LiFeSiO4 polymorphic phases caused by lithium extraction and insertion. Li2FeSiO4 is considered a promising cathode material for the next-generation Li-ion battery systems owing to its high theoretical capacity and low cost. Li2FeSiO4 exhibits complex polymorphism and undergoes significant phase transformations during charge and discharge reaction. To elucidate the phase transformation mechanism, crystal structural changes during charge and discharge processes of Li2FeSiO4 at different rates were investigated by X-ray diffraction measurements. The C/50 rate of lithium extraction upon initial cycling leads to a complete transformation from a monoclinic Li2FeSiO4 to a thermodynamically stable orthorhombic LiFeSiO4, concomitant with the occurrence of significant Li/Fe antisite mixing. The C/10 rate of lithium extraction and insertion, however, leads to retention of the parent Li2FeSiO4 (with the monoclinic structure as a metastable phase) with little cationic mixing. Here, we experimentally show the presence of metastable and stable LiFeSiO4 polymorphic phases caused by lithium extraction and insertion.},
author = {Masese, Titus and Orikasa, Yuki and Tassel, C\'{e}dric and Kim, Jungeun and Minato, Taketoshi and Arai, Hajime and Mori, Takuya and Yamamoto, Kentaro and Kobayashi, Yoji and Kageyama, Hiroshi and Ogumi, Zempachi and Uchimoto, Yoshiharu},
doi = {10.1021/cm403134q},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Chemistry of Materials/Masese et al.\_Chemistry of Materials\_2014.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0897-4756},
journal = {Chem. Mater.},
month = feb,
number = {3},
pages = {1380--1384},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
title = {{Relationship between Phase Transition Involving Cationic Exchange and Charge–Discharge Rate in Li 2 FeSiO 4}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm403134q},
volume = {26},
year = {2014}
}[28] B. L. Ellis, W. R. M. Makahnouk, Y. Makimura, K. Toghill, and L. F. Nazar, "A multifunctional 3.5 V iron-based phosphate cathode for rechargeable batteries," Nat. mater., vol. 6, iss. 10, p. 749–753, 2007.
[Bibtex]
B. L. Ellis, W. R. M. Makahnouk, Y. Makimura, K. Toghill, and L. F. Nazar, "A multifunctional 3.5 V iron-based phosphate cathode for rechargeable batteries," Nat. mater., vol. 6, iss. 10, p. 749–753, 2007. [Bibtex]
@article{Ellis2007a,
abstract = {In the search for new positive-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, recent research has focused on nanostructured lithium transition-metal phosphates that exhibit desirable properties such as high energy storage capacity combined with electrochemical stability. Only one member of this class--the olivine LiFePO(4) (ref. 3)--has risen to prominence so far, owing to its other characteristics, which include low cost, low environmental impact and safety. These are critical for large-capacity systems such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Nonetheless, olivine has some inherent shortcomings, including one-dimensional lithium-ion transport and a two-phase redox reaction that together limit the mobility of the phase boundary. Thus, nanocrystallites are key to enable fast rate behaviour. It has also been suggested that the long-term economic viability of large-scale Li-ion energy storage systems could be ultimately limited by global lithium reserves, although this remains speculative at present. (Current proven world reserves should be sufficient for the hybrid electric vehicle market, although plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and electric vehicle expansion would put considerable strain on resources and hence cost effectiveness.) Here, we report on a sodium/lithium iron phosphate, A(2)FePO(4)F (A=Na, Li), that could serve as a cathode in either Li-ion or Na-ion cells. Furthermore, it possesses facile two-dimensional pathways for Li+ transport, and the structural changes on reduction-oxidation are minimal. This results in a volume change of only 3.7\% that--unlike the olivine--contributes to the absence of distinct two-phase behaviour during redox, and a reversible capacity that is 85\% of theoretical.},
author = {Ellis, B L and Makahnouk, W R M and Makimura, Y and Toghill, K and Nazar, L F},
doi = {10.1038/nmat2007},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nat. Mater/Ellis et al.\_Nat. Mater.\_2007.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1476-1122},
journal = {Nat. Mater.},
month = oct,
number = {10},
pages = {749--753},
pmid = {17828278},
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
shorttitle = {Nat Mater},
title = {{A multifunctional 3.5 V iron-based phosphate cathode for rechargeable batteries}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2007},
volume = {6},
year = {2007}
}[29] B. L. Ellis, T. N. Ramesh, W. N. Rowan-Weetaluktuk, D. H. Ryan, and L. F. Nazar, "Solvothermal synthesis of electroactive lithium iron tavorites and structure of Li2FePO4F," J. mater. chem., vol. 22, iss. 11, p. 4759–4766, 2012.
[Bibtex]
B. L. Ellis, T. N. Ramesh, W. N. Rowan-Weetaluktuk, D. H. Ryan, and L. F. Nazar, "Solvothermal synthesis of electroactive lithium iron tavorites and structure of Li2FePO4F," J. mater. chem., vol. 22, iss. 11, p. 4759–4766, 2012. [Bibtex]
@article{Ellis2012,
author = {Ellis, B. L. and Ramesh, T. N. and Rowan-Weetaluktuk, W. N. and Ryan, D. H. and Nazar, L. F.},
doi = {10.1039/c2jm15273h},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Journal of Materials Chemistry/Ellis et al.\_Journal of Materials Chemistry\_2012.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0959-9428},
journal = {J. Mater. Chem.},
number = {11},
pages = {4759--4766},
title = {{Solvothermal synthesis of electroactive lithium iron tavorites and structure of Li2FePO4F}},
url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2jm15273h},
volume = {22},
year = {2012}
}[30] N. Recham, J-N. Chotard, L. Dupont, C. Delacourt, W. Walker, M. Armand, and J. -M. Tarascon, "A 3.6 V lithium-based fluorosulphate insertion positive electrode for lithium-ion batteries," Nat. mater., vol. 9, iss. 1, p. 68–74, 2010.
[Bibtex]
N. Recham, J-N. Chotard, L. Dupont, C. Delacourt, W. Walker, M. Armand, and J. -M. Tarascon, "A 3.6 V lithium-based fluorosulphate insertion positive electrode for lithium-ion batteries," Nat. mater., vol. 9, iss. 1, p. 68–74, 2010. [Bibtex]
@article{Recham2010a,
abstract = {Li-ion batteries have contributed to the commercial success of portable electronics, and are now in a position to influence higher-volume applications such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Most commercial Li-ion batteries use positive electrodes based on lithium cobalt oxides. Despite showing a lower voltage than cobalt-based systems (3.45 V versus 4 V) and a lower energy density, LiFePO(4) has emerged as a promising contender owing to the cost sensitivity of higher-volume markets. LiFePO(4) also shows intrinsically low ionic and electronic transport, necessitating nanosizing and/or carbon coating. Clearly, there is a need for inexpensive materials with higher energy densities. Although this could in principle be achieved by introducing fluorine and by replacing phosphate groups with more electron-withdrawing sulphate groups, this avenue has remained unexplored. Herein, we synthesize and show promising electrode performance for LiFeSO(4)F. This material shows a slightly higher voltage (3.6 V versus Li) than LiFePO(4) and suppresses the need for nanosizing or carbon coating while sharing the same cost advantage. This work not only provides a positive-electrode contender to rival LiFePO(4), but also suggests that broad classes of fluoro-oxyanion materials could be discovered.},
author = {Recham, N and Chotard, J-N and Dupont, L and Delacourt, C and Walker, W and Armand, M and Tarascon, J.-M.},
doi = {10.1038/nmat2590},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nat. Mater/Recham et al.\_Nat. Mater.\_2010.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1476-1122},
journal = {Nat. Mater.},
month = jan,
number = {1},
pages = {68--74},
pmid = {19946280},
title = {{A 3.6 V lithium-based fluorosulphate insertion positive electrode for lithium-ion batteries}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19946280},
volume = {9},
year = {2010}
}[31] S. Nishimura, M. Nakamura, R. Natsui, and A. Yamada, "New lithium iron pyrophosphate as 3.5 V class cathode material for lithium ion battery," J. am. chem. soc., vol. 132, iss. 39, p. 13596–13597, 2010.
[Bibtex]
S. Nishimura, M. Nakamura, R. Natsui, and A. Yamada, "New lithium iron pyrophosphate as 3.5 V class cathode material for lithium ion battery," J. am. chem. soc., vol. 132, iss. 39, p. 13596–13597, 2010. [Bibtex]
@article{Nishimura2010a,
abstract = {A new pyrophosphate compound Li(2)FeP(2)O(7) was synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction, and its crystal structure was determined. Its reversible electrode operation at ca. 3.5 V vs Li was identified with the capacity of a one-electron theoretical value of 110 mAh g(-1) even for ca. 1 $\mu$m particles without any special efforts such as nanosizing or carbon coating. Li(2)FeP(2)O(7) and its derivatives should provide a new platform for related lithium battery electrode research and could be potential competitors to commercial olivine LiFePO(4), which has been recognized as the most promising positive cathode for a lithium-ion battery system for large-scale applications, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.},
author = {Nishimura, S and Nakamura, M and Natsui, R and Yamada, A},
doi = {10.1021/ja106297a},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/J. Am. Chem. Soc/Nishimura et al.\_J. Am. Chem. Soc.\_2010.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1520-5126},
journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
keywords = {Diphosphates,Diphosphates: chemical synthesis,Diphosphates: chemistry,Electric Power Supplies,Electrochemistry,Electrodes,Iron,Iron: chemistry,Lithium,Lithium: chemistry,Models,Molecular},
month = oct,
number = {39},
pages = {13596--13597},
pmid = {20831186},
title = {{New lithium iron pyrophosphate as 3.5 V class cathode material for lithium ion battery}},
url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20831186},
volume = {132},
year = {2010}
}[32] M. Sathiya, K. Ramesha, G. Rousse, D. Foix, D. Gonbeau, K. Guruprakash, A. S. Prakash, M. L. Doublet, and J-M. Tarascon, "Li4NiTeO6 as a positive electrode for Li-ion batteries.," Chem. commun., vol. 49, p. 11376–11378, 2013.
[Bibtex]
M. Sathiya, K. Ramesha, G. Rousse, D. Foix, D. Gonbeau, K. Guruprakash, A. S. Prakash, M. L. Doublet, and J-M. Tarascon, "Li4NiTeO6 as a positive electrode for Li-ion batteries.," Chem. commun., vol. 49, p. 11376–11378, 2013. [Bibtex]
@article{Sathiya2013d,
abstract = {Layered Li4NiTeO6 was shown to reversibly release/uptake ∼2 lithium ions per formula unit with fair capacity retention upon long cycling. The Li electrochemical reactivity mechanism differs from that of Li2MO3 and is rooted in the Ni(4+)/Ni(2+) redox couple, that takes place at a higher potential than conventional LiNi1-xMnxO2 compounds. We explain this in terms of inductive effect due to Te(6+) ions (or the TeO6(6-) moiety).},
author = {Sathiya, M and Ramesha, K and Rousse, G and Foix, D and Gonbeau, D and Guruprakash, K and Prakash, A S and Doublet, M L and Tarascon, J-M},
doi = {10.1039/c3cc46842a},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Chemical communications/Sathiya et al.\_Chemical communications\_2013.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1364-548X},
journal = {Chem. Commun.},
language = {en},
month = oct,
pages = {11376--11378},
pmid = {24165856},
publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry},
title = {{Li4NiTeO6 as a positive electrode for Li-ion batteries.}},
url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2013/cc/c3cc46842a},
volume = {49},
year = {2013}
}[33] M. M. Thacheray, C. S. Johnson, J. T. Vaughey, N. Li, and S. A. Hackney, "Advances in manganese-oxide ‘composite’ electrodes for lithium-ion batteries," J. mater. chem., vol. 15, iss. 23, p. 2257–2267, 2005.
[Bibtex]
M. M. Thacheray, C. S. Johnson, J. T. Vaughey, N. Li, and S. A. Hackney, "Advances in manganese-oxide ‘composite’ electrodes for lithium-ion batteries," J. mater. chem., vol. 15, iss. 23, p. 2257–2267, 2005. [Bibtex]
@article{Thacheray2005,
abstract = {Recent advances to develop manganese-rich electrodes derived from ‘composite’ structures in which a Li2MnO3 (layered) component is structurally integrated with either a layered LiMO2 component or a spinel LiM2O4 component, in which M is predominantly Mn and Ni, are reviewed. The electrodes, which can be represented in two-component notation as xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiMO2 and xLi2MnO3·(1 − x)LiM2O4, are activated by lithia (Li2O) and/or lithium removal from the Li2MnO3, LiMO2 and LiM2O4 components. The electrodes provide an initial capacity >250 mAh g−1 when discharged between 5 and 2.0 V vs. Li0 and a rechargeable capacity up to 250 mAh g−1 over the same potential window. Electrochemical charge and discharge reactions are followed on compositional phase diagrams. The data bode well for the development and exploitation of high capacity electrodes for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries.},
annote = {とりあえずcomposite electrodeと認識しているLi-rich系のレビュー},
author = {Thacheray, M. M. and Johnson, Christopher S. and Vaughey, John T. and Li, N. and Hackney, Stephen A.},
doi = {10.1039/b417616m},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Journal of Materials Chemistry/Thacheray et al.\_Journal of Materials Chemistry\_2005.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0959-9428},
journal = {J. Mater. Chem.},
language = {en},
month = jun,
number = {23},
pages = {2257--2267},
publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry},
title = {{Advances in manganese-oxide ‘composite’ electrodes for lithium-ion batteries}},
url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2005/jm/b417616m},
volume = {15},
year = {2005}
}[34] M. M. Thackeray, S. Kang, C. S. Johnson, J. T. Vaughey, R. Benedek, and S. A. Hackney, "Li2MnO3-stabilized LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co) electrodes for lithium-ion batteries," J. mater. chem., vol. 17, iss. 30, p. 3112, 2007.
[Bibtex]
M. M. Thackeray, S. Kang, C. S. Johnson, J. T. Vaughey, R. Benedek, and S. A. Hackney, "Li2MnO3-stabilized LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co) electrodes for lithium-ion batteries," J. mater. chem., vol. 17, iss. 30, p. 3112, 2007. [Bibtex]
@article{Thackeray2007b,
author = {Thackeray, Michael M. and Kang, Sun-Ho and Johnson, Christopher S. and Vaughey, John T. and Benedek, Roy and Hackney, S. A.},
doi = {10.1039/b702425h},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Journal of Materials Chemistry/Thacheray et al.\_Journal of Materials Chemistry\_2007.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0959-9428},
journal = {J. Mater. Chem.},
number = {30},
pages = {3112},
title = {{Li2MnO3-stabilized LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co) electrodes for lithium-ion batteries}},
url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=b702425h},
volume = {17},
year = {2007}
}[35] J. Lee, A. Urban, X. Li, D. Su, G. Hautier, and G. Ceder, "Unlocking the potential of cation-disordered oxides for rechargeable lithium batteries.," Science, vol. 343, iss. 6170, p. 519–22, 2014.
[Bibtex]
J. Lee, A. Urban, X. Li, D. Su, G. Hautier, and G. Ceder, "Unlocking the potential of cation-disordered oxides for rechargeable lithium batteries.," Science, vol. 343, iss. 6170, p. 519–22, 2014. [Bibtex]
@article{Lee2014a,
abstract = {Nearly all high-energy density cathodes for rechargeable lithium batteries are well-ordered materials in which lithium and other cations occupy distinct sites. Cation-disordered materials are generally disregarded as cathodes because lithium diffusion tends to be limited by their structures. The performance of Li1.211Mo0.467Cr0.3O2 shows that lithium diffusion can be facile in disordered materials. Using ab initio computations, we demonstrate that this unexpected behavior is due to percolation of a certain type of active diffusion channels in disordered Li-excess materials. A unified understanding of high performance in both layered and Li-excess materials may enable the design of disordered-electrode materials with high capacity and high energy density.},
author = {Lee, Jinhyuk and Urban, Alexander and Li, Xin and Su, Dong and Hautier, Geoffroy and Ceder, Gerbrand},
doi = {10.1126/science.1246432},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Science (New York, N.Y.)/Lee et al.\_Science (New York, N.Y.)\_2014.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1095-9203},
journal = {Science},
month = jan,
number = {6170},
pages = {519--22},
pmid = {24407480},
title = {{Unlocking the potential of cation-disordered oxides for rechargeable lithium batteries.}},
url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/343/6170/519},
volume = {343},
year = {2014}
}[36] H. Kobayashi, "Structure and lithium deintercalation of Li2−xRuO3," Solid state ionics, vol. 82, iss. 1-2, p. 25–31, 1995.
[Bibtex]
H. Kobayashi, "Structure and lithium deintercalation of Li2−xRuO3," Solid state ionics, vol. 82, iss. 1-2, p. 25–31, 1995. [Bibtex]
@article{Kobayashi1995,
abstract = {Lithium deintercalation process of lithium ruthenium oxide, Li2RuO3, was characterized by X-ray diffraction and electrochemical measurements. The deintercalation proceeded from x = 0.0 to 1.3 with two-phasic reactions for 0 < x ≤ 0.5 and 0.7 ≤ x ≤ 1.0. Monophasic properties were observed for the compositions, Li1.4RuO3 and Li0.9RuO3; Li1.4RuO3 has a monoclinic cell isostructural to Li2RuO3, and Li0.9RuO3 has rhombohedral symmetry with the ilmenite-related structure. The lithium deintercalation from the lithium layer caused the rearrangement of the oxide-ion array from a cubic close packed (ccp) to a hexagonal close packed (hcp) structure. Further, electrical and magnetic properties were discussed on the basis of electrical and magnetic measurements.},
author = {Kobayashi, H},
doi = {10.1016/0167-2738(95)00135-S},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Solid State Ionics/Kobayashi\_Solid State Ionics\_1995.pdf:pdf},
issn = {01672738},
journal = {Solid State Ionics},
keywords = {li2−xruo3,lithium deintercalation,ruthenium oxide},
month = nov,
number = {1-2},
pages = {25--31},
title = {{Structure and lithium deintercalation of Li2−xRuO3}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(95)00135-S},
volume = {82},
year = {1995}
}[37] J. Ma, Y. Zhou, Y. Gao, X. Yu, Q. Kong, L. Gu, Z. Wang, X. Yang, and L. Chen, "Feasibility of Using Li 2 MoO 3 in Constructing Li-Rich High Energy Density Cathode Materials," Chem. mater., vol. 26, iss. 10, p. 3256–3262, 2014.
[Bibtex]
J. Ma, Y. Zhou, Y. Gao, X. Yu, Q. Kong, L. Gu, Z. Wang, X. Yang, and L. Chen, "Feasibility of Using Li 2 MoO 3 in Constructing Li-Rich High Energy Density Cathode Materials," Chem. mater., vol. 26, iss. 10, p. 3256–3262, 2014. [Bibtex]
@article{Ma2014,
abstract = {Layer-structured xLi2MnO3·(1 ? x)LiMO2 are promising cathode materials for high energy-density Li-ion batteries because they deliver high capacities due to the stabilizing effect of Li2MnO3. However, the inherent disadvantages of Li2MnO3 make these materials suffer from drawbacks such as fast energy-density decay, poor rate performance and safety hazard. In this paper, we propose to replace Li2MnO3 with Li2MoO3 for constructing novel Li-rich cathode materials and evaluate its feasibility. Comprehensive studies by X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and spherical-aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy clarify its lithium extraction/insertion mechanism and shows that the Mo4+/Mo6+ redox couple in Li2MoO3 can accomplish the task of charge compensation upon Li removal. Other properties of Li2MoO3 such as the nearly reversible Mo-ion migration to/from the Li vacancies, absence of oxygen evolution, and reversible phase transition during initial (de)lithiation indicate that Li2MoO3 meets the requirements to an ideal replacement of Li2MnO3 in constructing Li2MoO3-based Li-rich cathode materials with superior performances.
Layer-structured xLi2MnO3·(1 ? x)LiMO2 are promising cathode materials for high energy-density Li-ion batteries because they deliver high capacities due to the stabilizing effect of Li2MnO3. However, the inherent disadvantages of Li2MnO3 make these materials suffer from drawbacks such as fast energy-density decay, poor rate performance and safety hazard. In this paper, we propose to replace Li2MnO3 with Li2MoO3 for constructing novel Li-rich cathode materials and evaluate its feasibility. Comprehensive studies by X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and spherical-aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy clarify its lithium extraction/insertion mechanism and shows that the Mo4+/Mo6+ redox couple in Li2MoO3 can accomplish the task of charge compensation upon Li removal. Other properties of Li2MoO3 such as the nearly reversible Mo-ion migration to/from the Li vacancies, absence of oxygen evolution, and reversible phase transition during initial (de)lithiation indicate that Li2MoO3 meets the requirements to an ideal replacement of Li2MnO3 in constructing Li2MoO3-based Li-rich cathode materials with superior performances.},
author = {Ma, Jun and Zhou, Yong-Ning and Gao, Yurui and Yu, Xiqian and Kong, Qingyu and Gu, Lin and Wang, Zhaoxiang and Yang, Xiao-Qing and Chen, Liquan},
doi = {10.1021/cm501025r},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Chemistry of Materials/Ma et al.\_Chemistry of Materials\_2014.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0897-4756},
journal = {Chem. Mater.},
month = may,
number = {10},
pages = {3256--3262},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
title = {{Feasibility of Using Li 2 MoO 3 in Constructing Li-Rich High Energy Density Cathode Materials}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm501025r},
volume = {26},
year = {2014}
}[38] M. Sathiya, K. Ramesha, G. Rousse, D. Foix, D. Gonbeau, A. S. Prakash, M. L. Doublet, K. Hemalatha, and J. -M. Tarascon, "High Performance Li2Ru1–yMnyO3 (0.2 ≤ y ≤ 0.8) Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries: Their Understanding," Chem. mater., vol. 25, p. 1121–1131, 2013.
[Bibtex]
[Bibtex]
@article{Sathiya2013a,
author = {Sathiya, M and Ramesha, K and Rousse, G. and Foix, D and Gonbeau, D and Prakash, A.S. and Doublet, M. L. and Hemalatha, K. and Tarascon, J.-M.},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Chemistry of Materials/Sathiya et al.\_Chemistry of Materials\_2013.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Chem. Mater.},
pages = {1121--1131},
title = {{High Performance Li2Ru1–yMnyO3 (0.2 ≤ y ≤ 0.8) Cathode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries: Their Understanding}},
volume = {25},
year = {2013}
}[39] M. Sathiya, G. Rousse, K. Ramesha, C. P. Laisa, H. Vezin, M. T. Sougrati, M-L. Doublet, D. Foix, D. Gonbeau, W. Walker, A. S. Prakash, M. {Ben Hassine}, L. Dupont, and J-M. Tarascon, "Reversible anionic redox chemistry in high-capacity layered-oxide electrodes," Nat. mater., vol. advance on, 2013.
[Bibtex]
M. Sathiya, G. Rousse, K. Ramesha, C. P. Laisa, H. Vezin, M. T. Sougrati, M-L. Doublet, D. Foix, D. Gonbeau, W. Walker, A. S. Prakash, M. {Ben Hassine}, L. Dupont, and J-M. Tarascon, "Reversible anionic redox chemistry in high-capacity layered-oxide electrodes," Nat. mater., vol. advance on, 2013. [Bibtex]
@article{Sathiya2013,
author = {Sathiya, M. and Rousse, G. and Ramesha, K. and Laisa, C. P. and Vezin, H. and Sougrati, M. T. and Doublet, M-L. and Foix, D. and Gonbeau, D. and Walker, W. and Prakash, A. S. and {Ben Hassine}, M. and Dupont, L. and Tarascon, J-M.},
doi = {10.1038/nmat3699},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nat. Mater/Sathiya et al.\_Nat. Mater.\_2013.pdf:pdf},
issn = {1476-1122},
journal = {Nat. Mater.},
month = jul,
publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
shorttitle = {Nat Mater},
title = {{Reversible anionic redox chemistry in high-capacity layered-oxide electrodes}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat3699},
volume = {advance on},
year = {2013}
}[40] M. Aydinol, A. Kohan, G. Ceder, K. Cho, and J. Joannopoulos, "Ab initio study of lithium intercalation in metal oxides and metal dichalcogenides," Phys. rev. b, vol. 56, iss. 3, p. 1354–1365, 1997.
[Bibtex]
M. Aydinol, A. Kohan, G. Ceder, K. Cho, and J. Joannopoulos, "Ab initio study of lithium intercalation in metal oxides and metal dichalcogenides," Phys. rev. b, vol. 56, iss. 3, p. 1354–1365, 1997. [Bibtex]
@article{Aydinol1997b,
author = {Aydinol, M. and Kohan, A. and Ceder, Gerbrand and Cho, K. and Joannopoulos, J.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.56.1354},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Physical Review B/Aydinol et al.\_Physical Review B\_1997.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0163-1829},
journal = {Phys. Rev. B},
month = jul,
number = {3},
pages = {1354--1365},
title = {{Ab initio study of lithium intercalation in metal oxides and metal dichalcogenides}},
url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.56.1354},
volume = {56},
year = {1997}
}[41] G. Ceder, Y. -M. Chiang, D. R. Sadoway, M. K. Aydinol, Y. -I. Jang, and B. Huang, "Identification of cathode materials for lithium batteries guided by first-principles calculations," Nature, vol. 392, iss. 6677, p. 694–696, 1998.
[Bibtex]
G. Ceder, Y. -M. Chiang, D. R. Sadoway, M. K. Aydinol, Y. -I. Jang, and B. Huang, "Identification of cathode materials for lithium batteries guided by first-principles calculations," Nature, vol. 392, iss. 6677, p. 694–696, 1998. [Bibtex]
@article{Ceder1998c,
abstract = {Lithium batteries have the highest energy density of all rechargeable batteries and are favoured in applications where low weight or small volume are desired — for example, laptop computers, cellular telephones and electric vehicles1. One of the limitations of present commercial lithium batteries is the high cost of the LiCoO2 cathode material. Searches for a replacement material that, like LiCoO2, intercalates lithium ions reversibly have covered most of the known lithium/transition-metal oxides, but the number of possible mixtures of these2, 3, 4, 5 is almost limitless, making an empirical search labourious and expensive. Here we show that first-principles calculations can instead direct the search for possible cathode materials. Through such calculations we identify a large class of new candidate materials in which non-transition metals are substituted for transition metals. The replacement with non-transition metals is driven by the realization that oxygen, rather than transition-metal ions, function as the electron acceptor upon insertion of Li. For one such material, Li(Co,Al)O2, we predict and verify experimentally that aluminium substitution raises the cell voltage while decreasing both the density of the material and its cost.},
author = {Ceder, Gerbrand and Chiang, Y.-M. and Sadoway, D. R. and Aydinol, M. K. and Jang, Y.-I. and Huang, B.},
doi = {10.1038/33647},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Nature/Ceder et al.\_Nature\_1998.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0028-0836},
journal = {Nature},
month = apr,
number = {6677},
pages = {694--696},
shorttitle = {Nature},
title = {{Identification of cathode materials for lithium batteries guided by first-principles calculations}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/33647},
volume = {392},
year = {1998}
}[42] L. Wang, T. Maxisch, and G. Ceder, "Oxidation energies of transition metal oxides within the GGA+U framework," Phys. rev. b, vol. 73, p. 195107, 2006.
[Bibtex]
[Bibtex]
@article{Wang2006,
author = {Wang, Lei and Maxisch, Thomas and Ceder, Gerbrand},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Phys. Rev. B/Wang, Maxisch, Ceder\_Phys. Rev. B\_2006.pdf:pdf},
journal = {Phys. Rev. B},
keywords = {calculation},
mendeley-tags = {calculation},
pages = {195107},
title = {{Oxidation energies of transition metal oxides within the GGA+U framework}},
volume = {73},
year = {2006}
}[43] Y. Koyama, Y. Makimura, I. Tanaka, H. Adachi, and T. Ohzuku, "Systematic Research on Insertion Materials Based on Superlattice Models in a Phase Triangle of LiCoO[sub 2]-LiNiO[sub 2]-LiMnO[sub 2]," J. electrochem. soc., vol. 151, iss. 9, p. A1499, 2004.
[Bibtex]
Y. Koyama, Y. Makimura, I. Tanaka, H. Adachi, and T. Ohzuku, "Systematic Research on Insertion Materials Based on Superlattice Models in a Phase Triangle of LiCoO[sub 2]-LiNiO[sub 2]-LiMnO[sub 2]," J. electrochem. soc., vol. 151, iss. 9, p. A1499, 2004. [Bibtex]
@article{Koyama2004,
author = {Koyama, Yukinori and Makimura, Yoshinari and Tanaka, Isao and Adachi, Hirohiko and Ohzuku, Tsutomu},
doi = {10.1149/1.1783908},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/J. Electrochem. Soc/Koyama et al.\_J. Electrochem. Soc.\_2004.pdf:pdf},
issn = {00134651},
journal = {J. Electrochem. Soc.},
language = {en},
month = sep,
number = {9},
pages = {A1499},
publisher = {The Electrochemical Society},
title = {{Systematic Research on Insertion Materials Based on Superlattice Models in a Phase Triangle of LiCoO[sub 2]-LiNiO[sub 2]-LiMnO[sub 2]}},
url = {http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/151/9/A1499.full},
volume = {151},
year = {2004}
}[44] S. Mishra and G. Ceder, "Structural stability of lithium manganese oxides," Phys. rev. b, vol. 59, iss. 9, p. 6120–6130, 1999.
[Bibtex]
S. Mishra and G. Ceder, "Structural stability of lithium manganese oxides," Phys. rev. b, vol. 59, iss. 9, p. 6120–6130, 1999. [Bibtex]
@article{Mishra1999,
abstract = {We have studied stability of lithium-manganese oxides using density functional theory in the local density and generalized gradient approximation (GGA). In particular, the effect of spin-polarization and magnetic ordering on the relative stability of various structures is investigated. At all lithium compositions the effect of spin polarization is large, although it does not affect different structures to the same extent. At composition LiMnO2, globally stable Jahn-Teller distortions could only be obtained in the spin-polarized GGA approximation, and antiferromagnetic spin ordering was critical to reproduce the orthorhombic LiMnO2 structure as ground state. We also investigate the effect of magnetism on the Li intercalation potential, an important property for rechargeable Li batteries.},
author = {Mishra, S. and Ceder, Gerbrand},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.59.6120},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Physical Review B/Mishra, Ceder\_Physical Review B\_1999.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0163-1829},
journal = {Phys. Rev. B},
month = mar,
number = {9},
pages = {6120--6130},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
shorttitle = {Phys. Rev. B},
title = {{Structural stability of lithium manganese oxides}},
url = {http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevB.59.6120},
volume = {59},
year = {1999}
}[45] J. Reed and G. Ceder, "Role of Electronic Structure in the Susceptibility of Metastable Transition-Metal Oxide Structures to Transformation," Chem. rev., vol. 104, iss. 10, p. 4513–4534, 2004.
[Bibtex]
J. Reed and G. Ceder, "Role of Electronic Structure in the Susceptibility of Metastable Transition-Metal Oxide Structures to Transformation," Chem. rev., vol. 104, iss. 10, p. 4513–4534, 2004. [Bibtex]
@article{Reed2004,
author = {Reed, John and Ceder, Gerbrand},
doi = {10.1021/cr020733x},
file = {:C$\backslash$:/Users/Tomoya/Documents/Mendeley Desktop/Chemical Reviews/Reed, Ceder\_Chemical Reviews\_2004.pdf:pdf},
issn = {0009-2665},
journal = {Chem. Rev.},
month = oct,
number = {10},
pages = {4513--4534},
publisher = {American Chemical Society},
title = {{Role of Electronic Structure in the Susceptibility of Metastable Transition-Metal Oxide Structures to Transformation}},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr020733x},
volume = {104},
year = {2004}
}